Anatomy and Pathology of Spinal Surgery
The spine is a complex protective cover for the spinal cord. It consists of 24 mobile vertebrae: 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, and 5 lumbar vertebrae. These structures work together to provide movement, flexibility, and protection to the spinal cord. The spinal cord itself is composed of nerve tissue that transmits information to and from the brain, allowing the brain to control body movements.
Each functional spinal unit allows flexion, extension, rotation, and bending of the body. The vertebral body forms the strong core bone of the spine, while facet joints and shock-absorbing discs between vertebrae allow smooth mobility. Over time or due to trauma, degeneration of spinal discs and joints can cause pressure on nerves, leading to back pain, leg pain, weakness, or restricted movement.
- Cervical Vertebrae (7): Support the neck and head
- Thoracic Vertebrae (12): Provide mid-back stability
- Lumbar Vertebrae (5): Enable lower back movement and strength
- Facet Joints: Allow bending, twisting, and spinal flexibility
- Shock Absorbing Discs: Cartilage-based cushions with a spongy center
- Pedicles & Transverse Processes: Wing-like projections for muscle attachment
Common Spine Problems and Their Impact
With aging or injury, cartilaginous discs and facet joints may degenerate, causing the vertebrae to press on spinal nerves. This can result in discomfort, nerve pain, or weakness in the back, arms, or legs. Degenerative disc disease, herniated discs, spinal stenosis, and spondylosis are among the most common spine conditions that require timely medical care.
Frequently asked questions
When discs lose their shock-absorbing ability, they may press against nerve roots, causing pain, tingling, or weakness in different parts of the body.
Maintaining good posture, regular exercise, avoiding heavy lifting, and following a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk of spine-related issues.
Not always. Many spine conditions can be effectively managed with physiotherapy, medications, non-surgical treatments, or minimally invasive procedures.
Persistent back pain, radiating pain to the limbs, stiffness, or weakness in the arms/legs are signs that require immediate medical evaluation.
Treatments include physiotherapy, medications, pain management injections, lifestyle changes, and in severe cases, surgical correction.
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